Memorandum Company Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2397 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In the past a Memorandum of Association was seen as vital in providing information relating to the external affairs of a company. The importance of this document diminished over time with legal developments. Its worth will be limited further in consequence of the Companies Act 2006 content. Discuss the accuracy of the above statement and analyse why the importance of the Memorandum of Association has diminished. The most comprehensive review of British company law ever to have been made began in March 1998 when the Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) set up an independent Steering Group which carried out what was formally known as the Company Law Review (CLR). The task of the CLR was to develop a simple, modern, efficient and cost effective framework for carrying out business activity in Britain for the twenty-first century. (Palmer, 2006: 48) One of the most interesting aspects of British company law that the Steering Group had to deal with was the f act that most of the law came from the middle of the nineteenth century and had developed very specifically to meet the demands of companies and business at that time. The law had failed to keep pace with changes in the economy and in society in the intervening years. Even in the past forty years, since 1962 when the Jenkins Committee carried out the last thorough review of company law, the business world had changed beyond recognition. With globalisation, the UK had to remain competitive in all fields and the complexity and overregulation of company law was a significant disadvantage to British Companies. The Government also recognised that the UK competed with other legal jurisdictions to attract companies and incorporations, especially large public corporations. An efficient company law would make the UK a more attractive jurisdiction in which new companies could incorporate. The CLR therefore vowed to bring forward proposals of a modern law for the modern world. (HMSO, 1998: cl. 2.1) This is the context in which the Memorandum of Association will be explored in this paper. The very fact that the Memorandum exists implies that at one point it must have been important. Under section 2 of the Companies Act 1985 the Memorandum was required to contain a statement of the companys name, the location of its registered office, a description of the companys objects, and details relating to the capital of the company including whether it was limited by shares or by guarantee, who the guarantors were if any and the amount they were liable for, or details of the various classes of share, their value, and who the subscribers were. There is little doubt that such details are still important and require to be disclosed. However, the Companies Act 2006 significantly curtails what is to be disclosed in a companys Memorandum of Association. Under section 8 of the 2006 Act the Memorandum must disclose that the subscribers wish to form a company, become its members, and if t here is a share capital, that they will be shareholders. There will be a prescribed form which the Memorandum will take, which will be determined by the Government. In effect, the Memorandum of Association is being reduced to a standard form that details the type of company that has been created. It will not contain any of the specific provisions relating to the company in particular (HMSO, 1998). All the information mentioned above that was required by section 2 of the 1985 Act has been dispensed with, at least on an initial reading of section 8. Before looking at where and how such information will be disclosed in future, it is necessary to look in more detail at the pre-2006 Act Memorandum and the information it contained. The information traditionally contained in the Memorandum has been described as the fundamental provisions of the companys constitution (Pennington, 2001: 3). As mentioned above, there were certain items that were required by statute to be mentioned in th e Memorandum. However, companies were also free to add other provisions of the companys constitution to the Memorandum. Anything that might be dealt with in the Articles of Association could just as validly be placed in the Memorandum. Because of the public nature of the Memorandum, adding such extra clauses would have served to announce more publicly that certain provisions of the constitution were vital or central to the company and its identity more strongly than if they had simply been left to the Articles. Tables B, C, D, E and F of the Companies Act 1985 set out standard form Memoranda which companies should strive to use insofar as it is possible or practical to do so. However, if the members felt that the prescribed Memoranda did not achieve what they desired for their company they were free to alter them as necessary. The case of Gaiman v National Association for Mental Health [1971] Ch 317is authority for the fact that where the contents of a companys constitutional doc uments differ radically from the prescribed forms set out in the Act, or even where they conflict with the prescribed forms, they are still valid. This usually applies in relation to the Articles of Association because of the requirement to list certain particulars in the Memorandum. However, it also applies to the objects clause and any additional clauses that may be added to the Memorandum. Section 2(1) of the 1985 Act required the Memorandum to disclose the name of the company. The name identified whether the company was a public limited company or a private limited company. The choice of name is restricted by certain statutes but apart from these limited restrictions the promoters of the company are free to choose any name. Choice of name is also restricted by the common law tort of passing off, which prevents companies from benefiting from the name or goodwill of another company. Under the 2006 Act, much of the basic information formerly included in the Memorandum will in stead be set out in a simple registration document. Section 9(1) of the Act states the requirement that the Memorandum of Association be accompanied with the registration document when the company is being founded and this document, under section 9(2)(a) will include the proposed name of the company. Under section 9(2)(c) the registration document will also state whether the liability of the members of the company is to be limited and if so, whether it is to be limited by shares or by guarantee and under section 9(2)(d) it will also disclose whether the company is to be a private or a public company. Traditionally these were also clauses that were set out in the Memorandum of Association. As has been mentioned above, clarity and simplicity were two of the most important objectives of the CLR and it was felt that by stating this information clearly in registration documents was more logical and straightforward than having the information permanently embedded in the constitution of the company. The Memorandum was a document that retained importance throughout the life of the company and anyone who had an interest in the company had to examine carefully its contents. However, much of the information contained in the Memorandum would not have had any relevance or meaning during the course of the companys life and is in fact only relevant at the moment of its creation. With the introduction of the registration documents the information that is predominantly relevant only at the creation of the company is therefore removed from the constitution of the company. The same is true of the information relating to the registered office of the company. Under section 9(2)(b) this is now to be included in the registration document rather than in the Memorandum. A similar approach has been adopted with the capital arrangements for the company, which were also traditionally contained within the Memorandum. Section 9(4) sets out that the registration documents must state i f the company is going to have a share capital, how much that capital is going to be and who the shareholders are going to be. If the company is going to be limited by guarantee then a statement of the guarantee must be included, and the companys initial officers are also disclosed. Since the capital arrangements of the company are likely to change over the course of its lifetime it is again unnecessary in most cases to know what the capital arrangements were at the moment of incorporation. The movement of such important details from the Memorandum also reflects the ease with which such information as the name of the company, its type, and its capital arrangements can now be obtained from Companies House. Obtaining such information from Companies House has become standard practice and no one would rely on the Memorandum to give an accurate or up to date view of such information. It is also more reliable to obtain such documents from Companies House (HMSO, 1998). Traditionally, one of the most important and most interesting elements of the Memorandum of Association was the companys objects clause. This was required under section 3(1) of the Companies Act 1985. The objects clause sets out the scope of activity that the company can engage in and the purposes that the company was set up to achieve. A company and its directors are only authorised to engage in activities that are set out in the objects clause. Any activity that the directors engage in that is outside the scope of the objects clause is ultra vires. In the past this was seen as an important means for members to keep control of the directors. If directors acted ultra vires then the members could seek an injunction in court that would prevent them from doing so. Transactions entered into which were ultra vires could even be voided by the court even if the third party was unaware of fact. This position was modified by sections 35, 35A and 35B of the Companies Act 1985 which provided that third part ies could not be prejudiced by the fact that the directors acted ultra vires. Another important consequence of acting ultra vires is that it makes directors personally liable to the company for any transactions that are entered into which are ultra vires. While it is important that directors remain within the limits of what they have been employed to do, it was also the case that the directors of most companies are diligent and honest and would not wittingly act ultra vires. However, because of the danger of becoming personally liable for ultra vires acts, the principle created difficult compliance costs as directors sought to have objects clauses drafted so wide as to be completely meaningless and also had to seek legal advice before entering certain transactions to ensure that such transactions would not attach personal liability to the directors (Pennington, 2001: 14). In fact, an entire legal industry had developed that concentrated solely in avoiding the implications of t he ultra vires rule and narrow objects clauses. Many company objects clauses included a power to do all such other things as are incidental or conducive to the attainment of the above objects or any of them. While it was hoped that this would protect the directrors from personal liability, the court in Evans v Brunner, Mond Co [1921] 1 Ch 359 at 364 found that it did not widen the objects of the company beyond the specific objects that were set out in the objects clause and was therefore ineffectual. Another paragraph that received attention from the courts is the objects set out in any paragraph of this clause shall not be in any way limited by reference to or inference from the terms of any other paragraph or by the name of the company. The intention of this paragraph was to make each part of the objects clause a separate stand alone power that would act as if it were the dominant or main aim of the company. In the case of Cotman v Brougham [1918] AC 514 the House of Lords fou nd that this could be effective in preventing objects clauses from being read in light of the main aims of the company, however, in Re Introductions Ltd, v National Provincial Bank [1968] 2 All ER 1221 it was found that if the clause itself implied that it was ancillary or dependent on other clauses than it would be read restrictively. The fact that such cases are held as so important shows how vital the question was to companies and how much of an issue the law had become. For this reason, it was decided that the law should be changed. Firstly, the objects of the company are now regarded as a purely internal matter of interest only to the companys members and directors and will not affect the companys relations with third parties. Also, under section 31(1) of the 2006 Act the objects clause is deemed to be unrestricted unless a companys articles specifically restrict the objects of the company. This saves the formality and effort that usually goes into drafting a limitless objec ts clause that only serves to lengthen the companys constitution and make relevant provisions less clear. It also allows for the flexibility of restricting objects clauses in the less common situations when this is necessary. In conclusion therefore, it can be seen that much of the information that was traditionally contained in the Memorandum is in fact relevant only at the moment of incorporation and the new law therefore rightly requires that it be disclosed in a registration document rather than in a Constitutional document. The law has also removed the need for an objects clause in most cases and if one is necessary, it can be contained in the Articles. Because the ultra vires rule will not void transactions with bona fide third parties the objects clause is no longer relevant to the general public and therefore has rightly been moved to the Articles. The Memorandum has become redundant for almost all purposes and therefore now exists in its abridged form which serves the ne eds of todays companies without adding meaningless and unnecessary details to the constitution of the company. Bibliography Palmers Company Law Annotated Guide to the Companies Act 2006, Thompson, Sweet and Maxwell, London, 2007, page 48 Modern Company Law for a Competitive Economy, HMSO, 1998, cl.2.1 available online at https://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file23283.pdf, accessed 1.11.07 Pennington, Penningtons Company Law, 8th ed., Butterworths, London, 2001, page 3 Cases Evans v Brunner, Mond Co [1921] 1 Ch 359 at 364 Gaiman v National Association for Mental Health [1971] Ch 317, [1970] 2 All ER 362 Cotman v Brougham [1918] AC 514 Re Introductions Ltd, v National Provincial Bank [1968] 2 All ER 1221 Legislation Companies Act 1985 Companies Act 2006 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Memorandum Company Law" essay for you Create order

Essay Andy Dufresne and Samuel Norton - 854 Words

People’s actions cannot only affect them but also the people around them. In Stephen King’s novella, â€Å"Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption,† Andy Dufresne was sent to Shawshank Penitentiary sentenced with two life sentences for murder, one for each of his victims. While serving his sentence he tries to continue his outside life by doing taxes and adding to his rock collection. As time goes by Andy was doing mostly everyone taxes in the prison, including Warden Samuel Norton. While Andy’s severing his time he later finds out who was the real murder of Andy’s wife and her lover. With this knowledge he asks the warden for another trail but the warden rejects his request because he wants Andy to stay in Shawshank and do his taxes for†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"You’re going back into solitary for that. 30 day. Bread and water. Another black mark. And while you’re in, think about this; if anything that’s been goin g on should stop, the library goes. I will make it my personal business to see that it goes to what it was before you came here. And I will make your life†¦very hard. Very difficult. You’ll do the hardest time it’s possible to do. You’ll lose that one –bunk Hilton down in cellblock five, for starters and you’ll lose those rocks on the windowsill, and you’ll lose any protection the guards have given you against the sodomaties. You will lose everything. Clear?† (71) Samuel Norton scolded this at Andy when he refused to continue with the taxes. He shows how cruel his is because he could easily take away everything that Andy worked very hard for. He could take away all of his privileges that he earned. He could also have him killed and simply tell the state that he had an accident. Also if Andy lost the protection Norton knows the cons would mostly like have a better chance of seriously injuring him or killing him. Norton also affected Andy with his short temper. 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Commercial transactions essay Free Essays

Therefore, she has no duty of care to Frank and Beeline, while Douglas Pity Ltd, as a professional company has a duty of care to them. Sub Issue 1. 3 and 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercial transactions essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4: although Black was employed by Brown Co, it can be reasonably assumed that he wasn’t given actual authority to give advice to someone out of his accounting firm, nor was there any implied authority for Black to let him give advice on his employer’s behalf. By the way, it was reasonable to expect that Frank and Beeline would act on Black, a professional accountant’s advice to sign the purchase contract. Therefore Black has a duty of care o Frank and Beeline, but Brown Co does not. Issue 2 Sub Issue 2. 1 and 2. 2: Frank and Beeline cannot sue Marie, but they can make an action against Douglas Pity Ltd. If they can prove that Marie has provided negligent misstatement about the motel business, such as phone call records, they can ask Douglas Pity Ltd to pay part of their losses. They also need to prove that Douglas Pity Ltd has breached their duty of care to them. Sub Issue 2. 3 and 2. 4: When everything was ready Frank said that they could not sign the contract unless Black gave them advice to sign it. Black, a professional accountant indicated them to do so. Therefore, Brown Co is not liable for Frank and Bellini’s damage, but Black is, because Black has breached his duty of care to Frank and Beeline. CONCLUSION Under the tort of negligence, both Douglas Pity Ltd and Black are liable for Frank and Bellini’s losses. Frank and Beeline can sue them and if they can prove that Douglas and Black had given negligent misstatement about profitability of the motel business. For instance, Frank and Beeline need to provide evidence that Black had given unachievable occupancy rate of the motel. However, Frank and Beeline cannot themselves and they were not entirely relying upon Blacks advice. For example, Frank and Beeline didn’t enquire Black whether the occupancy rates given by him was practical or not. Overall, the chance of successfully getting remedies from Black is the largest, while there is also a reasonable chance to win the case against Douglas Pity Ltd. Frank and Beeline can expect to recover $ 15000 from Douglas Pity Ltd, $ 25000 from Black, but the remaining part of their loss, approximately $ 35000 are their own liabilities. By the way, it would be very difficult for Frank and Beeline to receive any remedy from Marie and Brown Co even if they chose to sue them. How to cite Commercial transactions essay, Essays